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<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:center">
<a name="_Hlk69118321"></a><a name="_Hlk133579769"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk69118321"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:18.0pt">The Institute for Analytical Sociology Seminar</span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk133579769"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk69118321"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:18.0pt;mso-fareast-language:SV"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="Pa8" align="center" style="margin-bottom:1.0pt;text-align:center"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk133579769"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk69118321"><span class="A8"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Venue:
KO301 & Online on Zoom </span></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk133579769"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk69118321"><span class="A8"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(see Zoom link in the end of the email)</span></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk133579769"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk69118321"><span class="A6"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:windowtext"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk133579769"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk69118321"><span class="A6"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="Pa8" align="center" style="margin-bottom:1.0pt;text-align:center"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk133579769"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk69118321"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Thursday, November 30
@<b><u>14:30CET</u></b></span><u><o:p></o:p></u></span></span></p>
<p class="Pa8" align="center" style="margin-bottom:1.0pt;text-align:center"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk133579769"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk69118321"><span lang="EN-US">__________________________________________________</span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk133579769"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk69118321"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk133579769"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk69118321"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:18.0pt;mso-fareast-language:SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk133579769"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk69118321"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:18.0pt;mso-fareast-language:SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk133579769"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk69118321"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:18.0pt;color:black;mso-fareast-language:SV">Punishing Hate: An Experiment on
Counterspeech<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk133579769"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk69118321"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:18.0pt;color:black;mso-fareast-language:SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk133579769"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk69118321"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black;mso-fareast-language:SV">Amalia Alvarez-Benjumea<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk133579769"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk69118321"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black;mso-fareast-language:SV">Institute of Public Goods and Policies (IPP-CSIC),
Madrid<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk133579769"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk69118321"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black;mso-fareast-language:SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk133579769"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk69118321"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black;mso-fareast-language:SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk133579769"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk69118321"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk133579769"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk69118321"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt">Abstract:<br>
</span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk133579769"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk69118321"><span lang="EN-US">Counterspeech is a direct response to hate speech that seeks to undermine it. It is a form of punishment because it enforces the norm against
hateful discourses. Counterspeech reduces the use of hate speech on online platforms and decreases support for “haters” in observers. For this strategy to work, however, counterspeech has to occur sufficiently often. In a series of experiments, I investigate
how often observers punish online hate speech, test interventions to increase the frequency of punishment, and explore the micro-mechanisms that explain the effects.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk133579769"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk69118321"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk133579769"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk69118321"><span lang="EN-US">The rate of spontaneous counterspeech in the experiment is less than 6%. Participants with a positive attitude toward the target of hate
were more likely to use counterspeech, but no other specific variables had an effect. In a second experiment, we test different interventions to increase the willingness to punish online hate speech. First, I look at whether participants are more likely to
respond to hateful messages with counterspeech when they can observe earlier participants have done so. Second, we test whether informing participants of the inappropriateness of using hate before participating in an online platform, thus increasing the salience
of the norm, would increase their willingness to sanction such behavior. I find that exposure to counterspeech by anonymous others strongly encourages participants to act against hate. However, increasing the salience of the norm does not affect the number
of sanctions. Lastly, I measure the effects on beliefs at the normative and meta-normative levels to explore the mechanisms that drive the findings in experiment two. The results show that sanctioning behavior is contagious: when participants could observe
previous sanctions, they were more likely to follow suit. This increase in punishment is associated with a heightened perception of the inappropriateness of hate speech, with no changes in the acceptability of imposing sanctions.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk133579769"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk69118321"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk133579769"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk69118321"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk133579769"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk69118321"><span lang="EN-US">Join Zoom Meeting<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk133579769"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk69118321"></span></span><a href="https://liu-se.zoom.us/j/65535789369"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk133579769"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk69118321"><span lang="EN-US">https://liu-se.zoom.us/j/65535789369</span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk133579769"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk69118321"></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk133579769"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk69118321"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk133579769"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk69118321"><span lang="EN-US">Meeting ID: 655 3578 9369<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk69118321"></span><span style="mso-bookmark:_Hlk133579769"></span>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><span style="mso-fareast-language:SV">Best regards<br>
Madelene Töpfer<br>
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language:SV">Coordinator</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ligatures:none;mso-fareast-language:SV"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ligatures:none;mso-fareast-language:SV"><img border="0" width="170" height="44" style="width:1.7708in;height:.4583in" id="_x0000_i1025" src="https://liu.se/mallar/signatur/liu_signatur_en.png" alt="Linköping University"></span><span style="mso-fareast-language:SV"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:SV">Institute for Analytical Sociology</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:SV"><br>
S-601 74 Norrköping<br>
Phone: +46 (0)11-36 32 91<br>
Mobile: +46 (0)700 89 66 97<br>
Visiting address: </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language:SV">Kopparhammaren 7, Kungsgatan 56D, Campus Norrköping</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:SV">
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:SV">Please visit us at
</span><span style="mso-fareast-language:SV"><a href="https://liu.se/" title="liu.se"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;text-decoration:none">liu.se</span></a></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:SV">
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#626262;mso-fareast-language:SV">E-mailing Linköping University will result in Linköping University
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